A better indicator of filling volumes is the EDV. Kissing paps or low end- systolic volume is associated with decreased afterload and/or hyperdynamic state. If EDV is high and the paps are kissing that means that the afterload is low or there is a hyperdynamic state. If your EDV is low, you are more likely to have kissing papillaries because you start the contraction with low volumes.

Detects inadvertent esophageal intubation faster than EtCO2. For full lecture click below 

Great way to grade aortic stenosis!

LVOT VTI over AV VTI is the dimensionless index

< 0.25 --> severe aortic stenosis
0.25-0.5 --> moderate aortic stenosis
>0.5 --> mild aortic stenosis

Make sure you measure the fractional shortening correctly!

FS = EDD - ESD / EDD

In this case FS = AB - CE / AB

due to mitral valve prolapse and flail